Spanish Supreme Court recognizes the right to access the source code of public algorithms

Spain’s highest court ordered the release of the source code for a system that provides social benefits, setting a precedent that strengthens citizens’ right to audit public algorithms. The ruling introduces a key principle: algorithmic transparency as a democratic obligation. According to the Court, the State cannot invoke intellectual property rights to prevent public scrutiny.

A ruling by Spain’s Supreme Court marked a milestone in algorithmic transparency by recognizing citizens’ right to access the source code of the computer systems used by the government to make automated decisions. The case arose from a request by the Fundación Ciudadana Civio (Civio Citizen Foundation), which in 2018 asked the Ministry for Ecological Transition for access to the technical documentation of the BOSCO application, which determines eligibility for the social electricity tariff. After years of refusals based on alleged security risks and intellectual property protections, the Court ordered the Ministry to release the code.

The ruling introduces a key principle: algorithmic transparency as a democratic obligation. According to the Court, when the State uses automated systems to grant or deny rights, it cannot invoke intellectual property to prevent public scrutiny. It maintains that the digitization of public administration must be subject to the same level of transparency, control, and oversight as any other administrative act, and that understanding how an algorithm works is part of the citizen’s right to know the basis of a state decision.

Although it concerns a specific case, the ruling has a much broader scope. It sets a precedent demonstrating that requiring transparent algorithms is not only legally possible but also technically feasible, refuting the common argument that revealing these systems would compromise their security. In a global context where opaque algorithms—both state and corporate—make decisions that affect rights, this type of ruling confirms the right to demand transparency regarding their operation.

The ruling also reflects a growing trend: more and more jurisdictions are recognizing that automation cannot become a new area of ​​opacity. The Court’s decision thus provides a strong argument for the global debate on the need to open up algorithms that affect fundamental rights and to guarantee effective mechanisms for democratic oversight.


RELATED LINKS:

Algorithmic transparency: the Supreme Court endorses access to the Administration’s source code

Judgment no. 1119/2025

Uruguay, Chile, and Mexico require transportation platforms to make their algorithms transparent.

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