The present report focuses on the realization of the right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts, paying particular attention to the establishment and enforcement of legal instruments regulating political communications. It starts by detailing the human rights framework applicable to the question of freedom of opinion and expression in political communications and electoral processes. It describes common violations of the right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral periods. It finally provides recommendations on the alignment of national legal frameworks to the most relevant international human rights standards, emphasizing the importance of promoting pluralism, transparency and accountability.